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ECCouncil Certified Ethical Hacker Exam (CEHv13) Sample Questions (Q419-Q424):
NEW QUESTION # 419
An experienced cyber attacker has created a fake Linkedin profile, successfully impersonating a high-ranking official from a well-established company, to execute a social engineering attack. The attacker then connected with other employees within the organization, receiving invitations to exclusive corporate events and gaining access to proprietary project details shared within the network. What advanced social engineering technique has the attacker primarily used to exploit the system and what is the most likely immediate threat to the organization?
- A. Baiting and Involuntary Data Leakage
- B. Whaling and Targeted Attacks
- C. Pretexting and Network Vulnerability
- D. Spear Phishing and Spam
Answer: B
Explanation:
Whaling is an advanced social engineering technique that targets high-profile individuals, such as executives, managers, or celebrities, by impersonating them or someone they trust, such as a colleague, partner, or vendor. The attacker creates a fake Linkedin profile, pretending to be a high-ranking official from a well- established company, and uses it to connect with other employees within the organization. The attacker then leverages the trust and authority of the fake profile to gain access to exclusive corporate events and proprietary project details shared within the network. This way, the attacker can launch targeted attacks against the organization, such as stealing sensitive data, compromising systems, or extorting money.
The most likely immediate threat to the organization is the loss of confidential information and intellectual property, which can damage the organization's reputation, competitiveness, and profitability. The attacker can also use the information to launch further attacks, such as ransomware, malware, or sabotage, against the organization or its partners and customers.
The other options are not as accurate as whaling for describing this scenario. Pretexting is a social engineering technique that involves creating a false scenario or identity to obtain information or access from a victim.
However, pretexting usually involves direct communication with the victim, such as a phone call or an email, rather than creating a fake Linkedin profile and connecting with the victim's network. Spear phishing is a social engineering technique that involves sending a personalized and targeted email to a specific individual or group, usually containing a malicious link or attachment. However, spear phishing does not involve creating a fake Linkedin profile and connecting with the victim's network. Baiting and involuntary data leakage are not social engineering techniques, but rather possible outcomes of social engineering attacks.
Baiting is a technique that involves offering something enticing to the victim, such as a free download, a gift card, or a job opportunity, in exchange for information or access. Involuntary data leakage is a situation where the victim unintentionally or unknowingly exposes sensitive information to the attacker, such as by clicking on a malicious link, opening an infected attachment, or using an unsecured network. References:
* Whaling: What is a whaling attack?
* Advanced Social Engineering Attack Techniques
* Top 8 Social Engineering Techniques and How to Prevent Them
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NEW QUESTION # 420
This is an attack that takes advantage of a web site vulnerability in which the site displays content that includes un-sanitized user-provided data.
What is this attack?
- A. Cross-site-scripting attack
- B. Buffer Overflow attack
- C. URL Traversal attack
- D. SQL Injection
Answer: A
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NEW QUESTION # 421
As a cybersecurity professional, you are responsible for securing a high-traffic web application that uses MySQL as its backend database. Recently, there has been a surge of unauthorized login attempts, and you suspect that a seasoned black-hat hacker is behind them. This hacker has shown proficiency in SQL Injection and appears to be using the 'UNION' SQL keyword to trick the login process into returning additional data.
However, your application's security measures include filtering special characters in user inputs, a method usually effective against such attacks. In this challenging environment, if the hacker still intends to exploit this SQL Injection vulnerability, which strategy is he most likely to employ?
- A. The hacker attempts to bypass the special character filter by encoding his malicious input, which could potentially enable him to successfully inject damaging SQL queries
- B. The hacker tries to manipulate the 'UNION' keyword in such a way that it triggers a database error, potentially revealing valuable information about the database's structure
- C. The hacker alters his approach and injects a 'DROP TABLE' statement, a move that could potentially lead to the loss of vital data stored in the application's database
- D. The hacker switches tactics and resorts to a 'time-based blind' SQL Injection attack, which would force the application to delay its response, thereby revealing information based on the duration of the delay
Answer: A
Explanation:
SQL Injection is a type of attack that exploits a vulnerability in a web application that uses a SQL database.
The attacker injects malicious SQL code into the user input, such as a login form, that is then executed by the database server. This can allow the attacker to access, modify, or delete data, or execute commands on the database server.
The 'UNION' SQL keyword is often used in SQL Injection attacks to combine the results of two or more SELECT statements into a single result set. This can allow the attacker to retrieve additional data from other tables or columns that are not intended to be displayed by the application. For example, if the application uses the following query to check the user credentials:
SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = '$username' AND password = '$password' The attacker can inject a 'UNION' statement to append another query, such as:
' OR 1 = 1 UNION SELECT * FROM credit_cards --
This will result in the following query being executed by the database server:
SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = '' OR 1 = 1 UNION SELECT * FROM credit_cards --' AND password = '$password' The first part of the query will always return true, and the second part of the query will return the data from the credit_cards table. The '-' symbol is a comment that will ignore the rest of the query. The attacker can then see the credit card information in the application's response.
However, some web applications implement security measures to prevent SQL Injection attacks, such as filtering special characters in user inputs. Special characters are symbols that have a special meaning in SQL, such as quotes, semicolons, dashes, etc. By filtering or escaping these characters, the application can prevent the attacker from injecting malicious SQL code. For example, if the application replaces single quotes with two single quotes, the previous injection attempt will fail, as the query will become:
SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = '''' OR 1 = 1 UNION SELECT * FROM credit_cards --'' AND password = '$password' This will result in a syntax error, as the query is not valid SQL.
In this challenging environment, if the hacker still intends to exploit this SQL Injection vulnerability, the strategy that he is most likely to employ is to bypass the special character filter by encoding his malicious input. Encoding is a process of transforming data into a different format, such as hexadecimal, base64, URL, etc. By encoding his input, the hacker can avoid the filter and still inject malicious SQL code. For example, if the hacker encodes his input using URL encoding, the previous injection attempt will become:
%27%20OR%201%20%3D%201%20UNION%20SELECT%20*%20FROM%20credit_cards%20--
This will result in the following query being executed by the database server, after the application decodes the input:
SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = '' OR 1 = 1 UNION SELECT * FROM credit_cards --' AND password = '$password' This will succeed in returning the credit card information, as the filter will not detect the special characters in the encoded input.
Therefore, the hacker is most likely to employ the strategy of bypassing the special character filter by encoding his malicious input, which could potentially enable him to successfully inject damaging SQL queries.
References:
* SQL Injection | OWASP Foundation
* SQL Injection Union Attacks
* SQL Injection Bypassing WAF
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NEW QUESTION # 422
Stephen, an attacker, targeted the industrial control systems of an organization. He generated a fraudulent email with a malicious attachment and sent it to employees of the target organization. An employee who manages the sales software of the operational plant opened the fraudulent email and clicked on the malicious attachment. This resulted in the malicious attachment being downloaded and malware being injected into the sales software maintained in the victim's system. Further, the malware propagated itself to other networked systems, finally damaging the industrial automation components. What is the attack technique used by Stephen to damage the industrial systems?
- A. SMishing attack
- B. Spear-phishing attack
- C. Reconnaissance attack
- D. HMI-based attack
Answer: B
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NEW QUESTION # 423
John, a professional hacker, decided to use DNS to perform data exfiltration on a target network, in this process, he embedded malicious data into the DNS protocol packets that even DNSSEC cannot detect. Using this technique. John successfully injected malware to bypass a firewall and maintained communication with the victim machine and C&C server. What is the technique employed by John to bypass the firewall?
- A. DNS enumeration
- B. DNS tunneling method
- C. DNSSEC zone walking
- D. DNS cache snooping
Answer: B
Explanation:
DNS tunneling may be a method wont to send data over the DNS protocol, a protocol which has never been intended for data transfer. due to that, people tend to overlook it and it's become a well-liked but effective tool in many attacks.Most popular use case for DNS tunneling is obtaining free internet through bypassing captive portals at airports, hotels, or if you are feeling patient the not-so-cheap on the wing Wi-Fi.On those shared internet hotspots HTTP traffic is blocked until a username/password is provided, however DNS traffic is usually still allowed within the background: we will encode our HTTP traffic over DNS and voila, we've internet access.This sounds fun but reality is, browsing anything on DNS tunneling is slow. Like, back to
1998 slow.Another more dangerous use of DNS tunneling would be bypassing network security devices (Firewalls, DLP appliances...) to line up an immediate and unmonitored communications channel on an organisation's network. Possibilities here are endless: Data exfiltration, fixing another penetration testing tool... you name it.To make it even more worrying, there's an outsized amount of easy to use DNS tunneling tools out there.There's even a minimum of one VPN over DNS protocol provider (warning: the planning of the web site is hideous, making me doubt on the legitimacy of it).As a pentester all this is often great, as a network admin not such a lot .
How does it work:For those that ignoramus about DNS protocol but still made it here, i feel you deserve a really brief explanation on what DNS does: DNS is sort of a phonebook for the web , it translates URLs (human-friendly language, the person's name), into an IP address (machine-friendly language, the phone number). That helps us remember many websites, same as we will remember many people's names.For those that know what DNS is i might suggest looking here for a fast refresh on DNS protocol, but briefly what you would like to understand is:* A Record: Maps a website name to an IP address.example.com ? 12.34.52.67* NS Record (a.k.a. Nameserver record): Maps a website name to an inventory of DNS servers, just in case our website is hosted in multiple servers.example.com ? server1.example.com, server2.example.comWho is involved in DNS tunneling?* Client. Will launch DNS requests with data in them to a website .* One Domain that we will configure. So DNS servers will redirect its requests to an outlined server of our own.* Server. this is often the defined nameserver which can ultimately receive the DNS requests.The 6 Steps in DNS tunneling (simplified):1. The client encodes data during a DNS request. The way it does this is often by prepending a bit of knowledge within the domain of the request. for instance : mypieceofdata.server1.example.com2. The DNS request goes bent a DNS server.3. The DNS server finds out the A register of your domain with the IP address of your server.4. The request for mypieceofdata.server1.example.com is forwarded to the server.5. The server processes regardless of the mypieceofdata was alleged to do. Let's assume it had been an HTTP request.6.
The server replies back over DNS and woop woop, we've got signal.
Bypassing Firewalls through the DNS Tunneling Method DNS operates using UDP, and it has a 255-byte limit on outbound queries. Moreover, it allows only alphanumeric characters and hyphens. Such small size constraints on external queries allow DNS to be used as an ideal choice to perform data exfiltration by various malicious entities. Since corrupt or malicious data can be secretly embedded into the DNS protocol packets, even DNSSEC cannot detect the abnormality in DNS tunneling. It is effectively used by malware to bypass the firewall to maintain communication between the victim machine and the C&C server. Tools such as NSTX (https://sourceforge.net), Heyoka (http://heyoka.sourceforge.netuse), and Iodine (https://code.kryo.se) use this technique of tunneling traffic across DNS port 53. CEH v11 Module 12 Page
994
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NEW QUESTION # 424
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